Search Results for: spousal support

Spousal support is payments made by one spouse or former spouse to another spouse or former spouse. Spousal support is only for married or divorced people.

Both Alberta’s Family Law Act and Canada’s Divorce Act talk about spousal support, depending on which law you are using.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Partner support is payments made by one partner or former partner to another partner or former partner. Partner support is only for people who are or were in an adult interdependent relationship in Alberta.

Alberta’s Family Law Act talks about partner support for adult interdependent partners.

Read our FAQs for more information on adult interdependent partners.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

The purposes of spousal or partner support are to:

• recognize financial advantages and disadvantages that a spouse or partner faces because of the relationship or separation
• make sure that neither spouse nor partner suffers economic hardships because of the separation
• share financial costs of children between the spouses or partners
• promote each spouse or partner becoming self-sufficient within a reasonable period of time

Last Reviewed: March 2021

A spouse or former spouse can ask for spousal support. It is paid after a separation or divorce if a spouse can prove they should receive it. It is usually paid by the spouse who makes more money to the spouse who makes less money to assist the lower income spouse with supporting themselves.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

An adult interdependent partner or a former adult interdependent partner can ask for partner support. It is paid after a separation if an adult interdependent partner proves they should receive it. It is usually paid by the partner who makes more money to the partner who makes less money to assist the lower income partner with supporting themselves.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Spousal support entitlements and calculations are the same under both Acts. What is different is who can use each Act.

Canada’s Divorce Act applies to all married and divorced people across Canada. Some married couples start out using the Family Law Act when they separate to deal with spousal support and other issues. When they apply for divorce, they must switch to using the Divorce Act. This change is for court processes and does not change spousal support entitlements, payments, etc.

Alberta’s Family Law Act applies to any family situation in Alberta – married or unmarried.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Check with Alberta’s Maintenance Enforcement Program (MEP) to see if you qualify for the program. MEP can enforce an order if the payor is not making payments in full or on time or if the payor has not made payment arrangements with MEP.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Maybe. See the Canada Revenue Agency’s website for more information.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

There is no hard and fast rule to calculate spousal or partner support, like there is for child support.

You and your spouse or partner can agree on how much support will be paid. This should be set out in a written agreement, such as a pre-nuptial agreement, a cohabitation agreement or a separation agreement. If you and your spouse or partner cannot agree, then a judge decides if one spouse or partner should pay support to the other.

Spousal or partner support may be a lump sum payment or periodic payments or monthly payments. It all depends on your situation.

The Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines are a reference point for calculating spousal support, but they are not law. In many provinces, including Alberta, the courts have said the Guidelines are a starting point. And if you are asking for an amount different than the guidelines, you will have to explain why.

There are no similar guidelines for adult interdependent partners.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

A judge will think about the following before making an order about spousal or partner support:

• How long have the partners lived together? The longer the relationship, the more likely it is that the court will order partner support.
• What roles did each partner perform when they lived together? Did one partner work while the other partner stayed at home? Did both partners work and share household chores?
• Is there any agreement or order between the partners? Do they have a pre-nuptial, co-habitation or separation agreement?
• How much does each partner earn? Do they have other financial resources? The bigger the gap in the income between the partners, the more likely it is that a judge will order partner support be paid.
• What are the financial needs of each partner? Keeping in mind that the partners should have similar standards of living at the end of a relationship, how much money does each partner need to meet their needs?
• What are the conditions of each partner? This includes considering the health, age and special needs of each partner and whether they have any children, etc.

If you are asking for partner support under the Family Law Act, a judge will think about the factors listed above plus the following:

• Do either of the partners have legal obligations to support another person?
• If the payor lives with someone else, how much does that other person contribute to household expenses? If the other person contributes a lot to household expenses, then this increases the ability of the payor to pay because there is more money available.
• If the recipient lives with someone else, how much does that person contribute to household expenses? If the other person contributes a lot to household expenses, then this decreases the financial need of the recipient.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Child support takes priority over spousal or partner support. If you cannot afford both, the court will order you to pay child support first.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

You cannot ask the court to change a spousal or partner support order if the order says support is “non-variable” (cannot be changed).

You can ask the court to change a spousal or partner support order if:

• new and important evidence comes up that was not available when the original order was made, or
• there has been a major change in the lives of either partner since the original order was made.

Some examples of major life changes are:

• one partner’s income is much higher or lower now than it was before
• one partner remarries or enters into a new adult interdependent relationship
• a partner develops a health concern or disability and either needs more financial support or needs to pay less support than was originally ordered

If a spouse or partner proves there is new evidence or there has been a major life change, then the judge will go through the same steps as if it were an original spousal or partner support order application.

If there is a written agreement about partner support, you can both can agree to change it. The court can change a written agreement in rare circumstances. If you are wanting to change a written agreement about partner support and your spouse or partner does not agree, you should contact a lawyer. An agreement cannot change an existing partner support order.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Child support is payments made that provide financial support for the benefit of the child.

Child support is the right of the child. It is usually paid monthly, by one parent to another. It is calculated using a set formula. Child support applies whether the parents are married or not.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

All parents have an obligation to financially support their child. This obligation exists even if the child does not live with the parent, the parents are not married to each other, the parent does not have a relationship with the child, or the parent lives in another province or country.

A parent can apply for child support if the parent has care and control of the child. A judge can also order that one parent pay child support to the other parent.

A parent must pay child support if they are:

• the biological parent
• the adoptive parent
• named as a child’s parent in a court order, or
• an adult that has acted like a parent to the child.

An adult has acted like a parent (“stood in the place of the parent”) if that person:

• is married to or was in a relationship of interdependence of some permanence with the child’s parent (such as a stepparent), and
• has treated the child as their own.

Last updated: March 2021

A judge decides if a stepparent or other adult should pay child support for the child. A stepparent may have to pay child support if they have acted like a parent (“stood in the place of a parent”). This happens if that person was married to or in a relationship of some interdependence with the child’s parent. The law says that the child’s parents have a bigger obligation to pay child support over someone who is standing in the place of a parent.

Last updated: March 2021

You must pay child support until your child is at least the age of majority (18 years in Alberta).

If your child is over the age of majority, you may have to keep paying child support if your child cannot support themselves because of an illness, a disability or another cause (such as pursuing reasonable education).

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Both Canada’s Divorce Act and Alberta’s Family Law Act talk about child support. You need to decide which law applies to your situation.

Last updated: March 2021

The obligation to pay child support and calculating it are the same under both Acts. What is different is who can use each Act.

Canada’s Divorce Act applies to all married and divorced people across Canada. Some married couples start out using the Family Law Act when they separate to deal with child support and other issues. When they apply for divorce, they must switch to using the Divorce Act. This change is for court processes and does not change child support entitlements, payments, etc.

Alberta’s Family Law Act applies to any family situation in Alberta – married or unmarried.

Last updated: March 2021

No. Child support payments are tax neutral. The payor (person paying child support) cannot make a tax deduction for the payments. And the recipient (person receiving child support) cannot declare the payments as taxable income.

Last updated: March 2021

Yes. Child support and parenting time are two different issues. You cannot withhold child support payments if your ex does not let you see your kids.

If you have a court order with a police enforcement clause, then you can go to the police for help enforcing your right to time with your children. If your court order does not have a police enforcement clause, you can apply to the court for an enforcement order.

There may be consequences if you stop paying child support. The court may interpret you stopping payments as not acting in the best interests of your child, which may affect your parenting time. As well, the court can order you to retroactively pay the child support you did not pay.

Last updated: March 2021

Yes. Having a new family or new financial obligations are not valid excuses to stop paying the full amount of child support to the children from a previous relationship. If your new financial obligations mean that you or any of your children would suffer undue financial hardship, you must provide evidence of this to the judge.

Undue financial hardship can occur when the parent:

• has an unusually high level of family debt incurred before the separation
• incurs high expenses in spending parenting time with the child (such as travel)
• has to support other people.

Last updated: March 2021

Child support is made up of two parts:

1. Basic Amount: The basic amount of child support is meant to cover basic living expenses for the child. The basic amount is sometimes called the “section 3 amount” or the “table amount” of child support because it is calculated according to the Federal Child Support Guidelines (if using the Divorce Act) or the Alberta Child Support Guidelines (if using the Family Law Act). The federal and Alberta child support guidelines (CSG) are the same. The table amount is based on the number of children and the gross annual income of the payor. It is mandatory. There are only limited exceptions when the CSG will not apply.
2. Special Expenses: Special expenses are also called “extraordinary expenses” or “section 7 expenses.” These are expenses that are not basic living expenses. These expenses could be for things like extracurricular activities, post-secondary education, or unexpected medical expenses. Parents usually share these expenses in proportion to their incomes.

You can use the Government of Canada’s online calculator to calculate child support.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

Parents can agree to pay child support in a written agreement, such as in a pre-nuptial agreement, cohabitation agreement or separation agreement. If the parents cannot agree on child support, then a judge decides how the parents will pay child support.

Parents cannot give up rights to their child in exchange for not paying child support.

Last Reviewed: March 2021

The parenting arrangements affect who pays child support and how much.

1. Primary care to one parent

If the children live with one parent more than 60% of the time in a year, then the other parent pays child support based on the Guidelines.

2. Shared parenting

Where the children live with each parent at least 40% of the time in a year, child support is not a straightforward calculation. The Guidelines are a starting point. Each shared child counts as a child in both households. Calculate the difference between the two amounts (the “set-off” amount). However, the amount of child support must also take into account:

• the increased costs of shared parenting arrangements, and
• the condition, means, needs and other circumstances of each parent and the children.

Sometimes the set-off amount will be appropriate and sometimes it will not be. An arbitrator or judge can decide what child support should be.

3. Split parenting

Split parenting is where one child lives with one parent at least 60% of the time, and the other child lives with the other parent at least 60% of the time. Calculate child support using the appropriate Guideline for each parent based on the number of children in the other

parent’s care. The parent with the higher table amount pays the difference between the two amounts (the “set-off” amount) to the other parent.

Last updated: March 2021

A judge can order that one parent pay more or less than the table amount in the Guidelines when:

• the child spends equal time with both parents (shared parenting)
• the payor is standing in the place of a parent but is not a biological or adoptive parent
• the payor earns more than $150,000 a year
• the child is over 18
• the payor would suffer undue financial hardship if the judge ordered them to pay the table amount

Undue financial hardship can occur when the parent:

• has an unusually high level of family debt incurred before the separation
• incurs high expenses in spending parenting time with the child (such as travel)
• has to support other people.

Last updated: March 2021

If one parent has a very high income, then the children of that parent should be able to enjoy the lifestyle that would normally go along with that income even though the family no longer lives together. The Guidelines provide a percentage amount in addition to the usual payable amount to increase the child support payment to better reflect the family’s financial circumstances.

Last updated: March 2021

Yes. Child support can change if:

• new and important evidence comes up that was not available when the original order or agreement was made (such as financial information), or
• the circumstances of one of the parents has changed since the original order or agreement was made.

Some examples of a change in circumstances are:

• a parent making a lot less or a lot more money
• changes to the amounts for special expenses, or
• a change in the parenting arrangements (for example, the child moves to live with the other parent).

Last updated: March 2021

Ideally, you and your ex will openly share financial information (such as your Notice of Assessment) each year to keep the amount of child support being paid current. By doing so, you can hopefully avoid claims for retroactive child support.

If your ex is not providing you with updated financial information and you think they are incorrectly reporting their income, you have options:

• If you have a child support order, contact Alberta’s Child Support Recalculation Program to see if you qualify for the program. They can use tax information to calculate child support each year.
• Go to court and ask for retroactive child support.

Last updated: March 2021

You have a few options:

1. You and the other parent can agree to change the amount of child support one parent is paying, say if one parent’s income changes. If you have a court order and agree to a different amount, you should go to court to update the order (such as with a consent order).
2. Some provinces have child support recalculation programs that can annually recalculate child support without you having to go to court. The courts can review decisions of these programs. For example, Alberta has the Child Support Recalculation Program that can recalculate child support in some situations.
3. You can apply to court to change (vary) a child support order. You will have to show financial evidence to the judge.

Last updated: March 2021

Retroactive child support is child support a judge orders a parent to pay to make up for not paying the proper amount of child support in the past.

Whether or not the judge orders this depends on the circumstances of each case. Retroactive child support usually only goes back a maximum of 3 years from when child support was requested in a court application unless the payor was involved in blameworthy conduct.

Last updated: March 2021

The court looks at:

• Does the person requesting child support have a reasonable excuse for why they did not ask for child support earlier?
• Has the payor been involved in blameworthy conduct in relation to the child support?
• What were the children’s circumstances during the time that child support was not paid?
• Would an order for retroactive child support cause financial hardship to the payor?

Last updated: March 2021

Blameworthy conduct means the payor put their personal interests ahead of the child’s interest to receive child support. This could mean that the payor did not provide updated income information, refused to provide current financial information, lied about their financial situation, or hid or diverted money.

Last updated: March 2021

If a parent is not paying child support, you can take a few steps:

1. Register your child support order or agreement with the maintenance enforcement program or office in your province. For example, Alberta has the Maintenance Enforcement Program.
2. Go to court and ask the judge to order the other parent pay you child support arrears. Child support arrears are overdue child support payments. When child support is in arrears, a judge can:

• order the payor to pay the full amount in arrears
• change the amount in arrears, or
• cancel the amount in arrears.

Last updated: March 2021

Judges are very hesitant to change or cancel the amount in arrears. There would have to be a really good reason why the parent should not have to pay the arrears, such as if it would be really unfair for the payor to pay the amounts owing. Usually, judges will postpone the payments or allow the payor to pay the amount they owe over time instead.

If a payor is asking a judge to change or cancel child support arrears, they must:

• provide full financial disclosure
• prove that there has been a significant and long-lasting change to their income
• have made efforts to earn more money
• have a good reason for not asking the judge to change the child support order or agreement at the time when their income changed (instead of letting arrears add up)

Having a new family or new financial obligations are not valid excuses to stop paying the full amount of child support to the children from a previous relationship. If your new financial obligations mean that you or any of your children would suffer undue financial hardship, you must provide evidence of this to the judge.

Undue financial hardship can occur when the parent:

• has an unusually high level of family debt incurred before the separation
• incurs high expenses in spending parenting time with the child (such as travel)
• has to support other people.

Last updated: March 2021

A maintenance enforcement program or office is a government office that can help collect child support payments in different ways:

• garnishing funds owed to the payor by the federal government (such as income tax refund) or by the payor’s employer
• garnishing funds from the payor’s bank account
• withholding vehicle registrations or suspending the payor’s driver’s license
• restricting hunting and fishing licenses
• denying and cancelling federal licenses, such as passports
• registering notices against real property (land) or personal property
• seizing assets
• affecting the payor’s credit rating

You must register your court order or agreement with the program first. Check with the program in your province or territory for more information. In Alberta, see the Maintenance Enforcement Program.

Last updated: March 2021

In Canada, the federal government makes the law about divorce. This means that divorce law is the same all across Canada.

The Divorce Act sets out the law for divorces in Canada. It also sets out rules for dealing with issues related to divorce (called “corollary relief”), such as:

• decision-making responsibility and parenting of children
• child support
• spousal support
• contact orders (orders granting time with a child to people other than the child’s parents)
• giving notice when moving

Each province also has laws about everything except divorce. For example, Alberta has the Family Law Act. Other provinces have similar legislation.

While the provinces do not make the laws about divorce, they do have Rules of Court setting out the process (including court forms and rules for serving documents) for getting a divorce.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act applies to people who are married and want to get divorced. It also applies to people who are already divorced but are still dealing with issues related to the divorce, such as support and parenting arrangements for children of the marriage. The Divorce Act does not apply to couples who never married.

Each province also makes family laws about everything except divorce. Provincial laws apply to both married and unmarried couples who are separating. Some things, such as child support and spousal support, are covered in both the Divorce Act and provincial family laws. Only provincial laws deal with dividing property after a separation, such as Alberta’s Family Property Act.

So which law do you use?

• If you have already filed for divorce, use the Divorce Act to deal with parenting, contact and support issues.
• If you have not yet filed for divorce, use the Divorce Act or provincial family laws to deal with issues such as parenting, contact and support. Once you are divorced, you must continue to deal with these issues using only the Divorce Act.
• If you were never married to your partner, use provincial family laws to deal with all family law issues. The Divorce Act does not apply to you.
• Use provincial laws to deal with property division, such as Alberta’s Family Property Act.

Last updated: March 2021

You can read the Divorce Act online. You can also ask for help finding it at a public library or courthouse library.

Last updated: March 2021

A divorce is a court order that ends a marriage. If you are legally married, you cannot marry someone else until you get a divorce, even if you are separated from your spouse.

The court issues a divorce judgment (also called a divorce order). You must then apply at the courthouse (or online sometimes) for a Certificate of Divorce. It is legally effective across Canada. Keep this document in a safe place. If you want to get married again, you will need to show your Certificate of Divorce when you apply for a new marriage license.

Last updated: March 2021

A spouse refers to either of the two people who are married to each other. Former spouses are people who used to be married to each other and are now divorced.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act talks about a “child of the marriage.” A “child of the marriage” means a child of two spouses or former spouses who:

• is under the age of majority and has not left their parent’s charge, or
• is the age of majority or over and cannot support themselves because of an illness, a disability or another cause (such as pursuing reasonable education).

A “child of the marriage” also includes a child that a spouse or former spouses stands in the place of a parent for. This can include a stepparent or a person who has acted as a parent in a child’s life.

Last updated: March 2021

The age of majority means the age that a child is considered a legal adult in the province where they usually live.

The age of majority is 18 in:

• Alberta
• Manitoba
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Saskatchewan

The age of majority is 19 in:

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Newfoundland
• Northwest Territories
• Nova Scotia
• Nunavut
• Yukon

If the child lives outside of Canada, then the age of majority under the Divorce Act is eighteen years.

Last updated: March 2021

Decision-making responsibility means a parent’s responsibility for making significant decisions about a child’s well-being. This includes the child’s:

• health
• education
• culture, language, religion and spirituality, and
• significant extra-curricular activities.

One or both spouses can have decision-making responsibility. Sometimes the spouses will have decision-making responsibilities about the same things, and sometimes they will have decision-making responsibility about different things.

The spouses can agree on decision-making responsibilities and put what they agree on in a parenting plan or consent order. If the spouses cannot agree, the court will decide in a parenting order. All decisions must be made in the best interests of the child, not what the spouses want.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act talks about “corollary relief proceedings”. These are defined as proceedings started by either spouse for a child support order, a spousal support order or a custody order. There are special rules set out in the Act for these proceedings.

Last updated: March 2021

Parenting time is the time a child spends in the care of a parent. A parent makes day-to-day decisions about the child during their parenting time. This includes time a child is at school or other activities within the parent’s parenting time. Parenting time is set out in a parenting plan or parenting order.

Parenting time is different from decision-making responsibility. A parent may have both decision-making responsibility and parenting time. Or a parent may have parenting time but not decision-making responsibility. The parents can agree, or the court can decide. All decisions must be made in the best interests of the child, not what the parents want.

Last updated: March 2021

A parenting order is a court order setting out parenting time and decision-making responsibilities of the parents. A parenting order can include a parenting plan – an agreement among the parents setting out parenting time, decision-making responsibility and contact. A parenting plan is legally enforceable if it is part of a court order.

Last updated: March 2021

A parenting plan is a written agreement about parenting arrangements.

Parenting arrangements include:

• where the children will live
• how the parents will look after the children
• how the parents will make decisions about the children
• how the parents should communicate with each other

If the parents come up with a parenting plan and present it to the court, the court must accept it unless it thinks the plan is not in the best interests of the child. A parenting plan is legally enforceable if it is part of a court order.

Parents can agree to change a parenting plan. If they also have a court order, they should go back to court to get the order changed as well (maybe through a consent order).

Last updated: March 2021

Contact is time that someone who is not a parent, such as a grandparent, spends with a child. A person with contact usually does not make decisions about the child’s life. Contact may exist in the form of visits or any other forms of communication (such as phone calls, Facetime, video chats, texting, etc.).

Parents can agree to let someone have contact with the child. If the parents do not agree to allow someone to have contact with the child, that person can apply to the court for an order granting them contact.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act says the court must only look at what is in the best interests of the child when making a parenting order or a contact order. Decisions should not be based on what the parents want.

The judge must look at what is best for the child’s physical, emotional and psychological safety, security and well-being. The judge considers factors such as:

• the child’s needs, given their age and stage in life
• who has cared for the child as they have grown
• how strong the relationship is between the child and the spouse and any other person in the child’s life (such as siblings, aunts or uncles, grandparents)
• the child’s cultural, linguistic, religious and spiritual upbringing and heritage
• the child’s views and preferences, where it is appropriate
• the plans proposed by the parents for caring for and raising the child
• if there has been any family violence, and the impact that the family violence has had on the child (If there is family violence, the court looks at more factors related specifically to family violence as well. See the next question for more information.)
• the abilities and willingness of each spouse to provide for the child’s needs and to communicate and cooperate with the other parent
• how willing each spouse is to develop and maintain the child’s relationship with the other spouse
• any civil or criminal proceedings that impact the safety or well-being of the child

The court does not consider a spouse’s past conduct unless that conduct is relevant to the person’s exercise of responsibilities.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act defines family violence as any conduct by a family member towards another family member that:

• is violent or threatening, OR
• constitutes a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour, OR
• causes the other family member to fear for their own safety or that of another person.

Family violence includes:

• physical abuse (including forced confinement but excluding reasonable force to protect themselves or another person)
• sexual abuse
• threats to kill or cause bodily harm to any person
• failure to provide the necessaries of life
• psychological abuse
• financial abuse
• killing or harming an animal, or threats to do so
• damaging property, or threats to do so

When it comes to children, family violence is any conduct the child is exposed to, directly or indirectly. Therefore, the child does not have to be experiencing the violence. It is also family violence in relation to the child if they are indirectly exposed to it (such as seeing someone experience violence or see the aftermath of violence).

The conduct does not have to be a criminal offence to be family violence.

Last updated: March 2021

A family member includes:

• a member of the household of a child

For example, if the child lives with one parent, their siblings, the parent’s new partner or spouse and that person’s kids, then all these people are family members.

• a member of the household of a spouse or former spouse

For example, if the child lives with one parent most of the time but spends time with the other parent and that parent’s new partner and kids, then all these people are family members.

• dating partner of a spouse or former spouse who participates in the activities of the household

For example, if one parent’s new partner or spouse does not live with the parent and child but participates in family time together, that person is also a family member.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act says that you can ask for a divorce if there has been a “breakdown of marriage.”

A breakdown in marriage can occur in one of three ways:

1. You and your spouse have been separated for at least one year with no chance of getting back together. If you get back together for 90 days or less and then separate again, this short reconciliation does not interrupt or stop the one-year period. If you get back together for more than 90 days and then separate again, you will have to wait another year before filing for divorce.
2. Your spouse committed adultery (has sexual relations with someone else while you are still married).
3. Your partner treated you cruelly.

These are called the “grounds for divorce”.

Last updated: March 2021

Living separate and apart means you no longer live like a couple. You can live in the same house and still be living separate and apart.

Some factors that indicate spouses are living separate and apart are:

• you hardly communicate with your spouse
• you have separate bedrooms
• you do not have sex together anymore
• you do not help each other with household tasks
• you do not do activities together

Usually, you must live separate and apart for one year before a judge will grant a divorce order.

Last updated: March 2021

Adultery is when a married person has sex with someone who is not their spouse.

The person who committed adultery can swear an affidavit admitting this. An affidavit is a written statement of facts that is sworn or affirmed before a Commissioner for Oaths (or Notary Public) and filed with the court as evidence in court.

If the person who committed adultery will not admit to it, you must prove adultery with other evidence.

Last updated: March 2021

There is no such thing as a “legal separation” in Canada. There is no document you file to be “legally separated”. You are either married or divorced. However, the Divorce Act does talk about living ‘separate and apart’ for one year before the court will grant a divorce.

You and your spouse may sign a Separation Agreement. This agreement can deal with parenting arrangements, decision-making responsibility for children, child and spousal support, and dividing family property. The court can include the terms of the separation agreement into a final divorce order.

For tax purposes, you are usually considered separated when you start living separate and apart from your spouse for at least 90 days (assuming you do not get back together).

Last updated: March 2021

Usually, the court will not grant a divorce order until a couple has been separated for one year (unless you are applying for divorce under one of the other grounds listed above).

However, if you have children and need child or spousal support, you usually cannot wait one year to deal with these issues.

Couples have two options:

1. Start divorce proceedings right away under the Divorce Act. The court will not grant a divorce until the year is up, but it will grant interim (temporary) orders to deal with parenting and support issues. When the year is up, the court grants a divorce order, which includes ‘final’ decisions on parenting and support issues.
2. Deal with parenting and support issues under provincial family laws. When the year is up and these issues have been resolved, the couple can start divorce proceedings under the Divorce Act. The court will look at the other orders and incorporate them into a final divorce order.

Final orders are never really final! Orders that deal with parenting and support will likely need to be updated as circumstances change, such as children growing up.

Last updated: March 2021

You should start divorce proceedings in the province where you have lived for at least one year immediately before starting the proceedings.

If you live in one province and your spouse lives in another province, you might each file proceedings in different provinces. If this happens, the following rules apply:

• If the divorce filed first is not discontinued (cancelled), then the second application is discontinued (cancelled).
• If the divorce filed first is discontinued, then the second continues on.
• If divorces are filed on the same day and neither is discontinued after 40 days, then either spouse can apply to the Federal Court for directions on which file should continue.

The Central Registry of Divorce Proceedings is a nation-wide registry for divorces filed after July 2, 1968. The Registry lets the court know if another divorce application has been filed for the same spouses.

Last updated: March 2021

While the Divorce Act applies all across Canada, each province sets its own process for getting a divorce. Each province’s Rules of Court sets out the process for that province.

The court documents and names of the parties might be slightly different in each province. For example, in Alberta, you must file a Statement of Claim for Divorce form to start divorce proceedings. You are the plaintiff, and your spouse is the defendant. In Ontario, the person starting the proceedings is the applicant and the other person is the respondent.

Once you have filed the necessary documents with the court, you must give a copy of them to your spouse. This is called ‘service’. Each province has its own rules about how and when you must serve the other person. For more information, check the Rules of Court of the province where you are filing.

You do not need a lawyer to get a divorce. However, a lawyer can be helpful if you and your spouse are likely to disagree on things, such as how the children will split time with the parents, child or spousal support, or dividing up property. If you decide not to retain a lawyer, there are many resources that can help you. Courts and other organizations across the country provide resources for people going through a divorce.

Justice Canada’s website links to government family law supports in each province and territory.

LawCentral Alberta lists resources in Alberta.

Last updated: March 2021

The Divorce Act talks about “corollary relief proceedings.” These include proceedings started by either spouse for a parenting order, child support order or spousal support order. There are special rules set out in the Act for these proceedings.

The court will not grant a divorce order until you and your spouse have made plans for parenting and financial support.

Last updated: March 2021

There are several ways to find a lawyer:

1. Talk to family and friends to see if they know a divorce lawyer.
2. Call a lawyer referral service. Every province except for New Brunswick and Saskatchewan has this service.
3. If you cannot afford a lawyer, legal clinics across the country provide free legal services. Usually, they have income limits you must meet. Google “legal clinic” and your area for one close to you. If you are in Alberta, visit LawCentral Alberta for help finding a lawyer or legal clinics.
4. If you can afford to pay a lawyer for some work, you can ask around for a lawyer to provide limited services or legal coaching. Some provinces have programs that list lawyers willing to provide these services, such as Alberta Legal Coaches & Limited Services or Ontario’s Family Law Limited Scope Services Project.

Check with the law society, legal aid or community legal clinics in your province for more information.

Last updated: March 2021

There is no simple answer to this question!

If you handle your divorce yourself, you may be able to keep costs down. You must pay a filing fee at the courthouse to begin your divorce proceedings. This can range from about $250 to $350 depending on the province. You will have to arrange to have your Statement of Claim for Divorce served on your spouse. There will be a fee if you hire someone to do it rather than doing it yourself. (Some provinces require you to have someone else serve your spouse with legal documents starting a divorce.)

If you retain a lawyer, the lawyer may charge you a flat fee or may charge you an hourly rate. Make sure you understand how your lawyer will be charging you.

Costs can go up if the divorce stretches out over time because you and your spouse cannot agree on things, or if you must go to court several times. Even if you do not have a lawyer, you may incur costs if you must take time off work or travel to another city.

Last updated: March 2021

You usually do not have to go to court if your divorce is uncontested. You can ask the court for a “desk divorce”. A desk divorce means the court processes your divorce by paperwork alone – you do not have to appear in court.

You can only apply for a desk divorce if you and your spouse agree on everything, including getting a divorce, child and spousal support, parenting arrangements, and dividing your property and debt. Depending on the process in the province you are in, one person files documents to start the process and the other does not object. Sometimes you can file a joint application for divorce. Once you have filed all your documents with the court, a judge will look over everything. If nothing is missing and the documents have been correctly filled out, a judge can grant you a divorce without you having to go to court. If the judge has any questions or concerns, they will not grant a divorce order until you have resolved the problems.

If you and your spouse do not agree on everything, such as child support or spousal support, then the process can be much longer and complicated. If you and your spouse cannot come to agreement(s), you will have to ask the court to make orders. Eventually, you may have to go to a trial. At a trial, each spouse goes to court and gives evidence to the judge. The judge makes a final order.

Last updated: March 2021

Generally, a divorce is final 31 days after the day the court granted the divorce order. The reason for this delay is to give either spouse time to appeal the divorce order if they wish. The judge can shorten this time if the judge thinks there is a good reason to do so and the divorcing spouses agree not to file an appeal.

You must then apply at the courthouse for a Certificate of Divorce. It is legally effective across Canada. Keep this document in a safe place. If you want to get married again, you will need to show your Certificate of Divorce when you apply for a new marriage license.

Last updated: March 2021

The term ‘common-law’ is often used to describe a couple that lives together, with or without children, but is not married.

The term ‘common-law’ is no longer used in Alberta laws. In June 2003, a law was passed that created ‘adult interdependent relationships.’ This law is called the Adult Interdependent Relationships Act.

The term ‘common-law’ is, however, still used by other governments in Canada. For example, the federal government still uses the term ‘common-law’ for income tax purposes or for the purpose of receiving federal government benefits. In these cases, there is a time requirement of only one year of living together (as opposed to the requirements under the Adult Interdependent Relationships Act).

Last Reviewed: June 2019

The Adult Interdependent Relationships Act creates a type of legal relationship between two people who are not married. A relationship must have certain characteristics that are set out in the law to be considered an adult interdependent relationship.

Partners who are recognized as being in an adult interdependent relationship may gain the rights, benefits and responsibilities that come from other laws. Those rights, benefits and responsibilities are similar to – and, in most cases, the same as – those of married couples.

For example, Alberta’s Family Law Act allows adult interdependent partners to apply for partner support where the relationship has broken down. Alberta’s Family Property Act directs adult interdependent partners to divide property in the same way as married couples do, unless they have an enforceable agreement that says otherwise. An adult interdependent partner is also a “dependent” for the purposes of the Wills and Succession Act, meaning that a surviving partner can apply for maintenance and support from the estate if the deceased does not make adequate provisions for them in the Will or on intestacy (where the deceased dies without a Will).

Last Reviewed: January 2020

An adult interdependent relationship can exist in three situations:

1. Two people have signed an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement. (If two people are related by blood or adoption, they must sign this agreement to be considered adult interdependent partners.)
2. Two people have lived together in a relationship of interdependence for three years or more.
3. Two people live together in a relationship of interdependence and have a child together, by birth or adoption.

A “relationship of interdependence” exists where two people:

• share one another’s lives; and
• are emotionally committed to one another; and
• function as an economic and domestic unit.

An adult interdependent relationship does not have to be conjugal (sexual); it can be platonic (between friends or relatives).

Last Reviewed: June 2019

The Adult Interdependent Relationships Act says that all the circumstances of the relationship must be looked at to see if it is an adult interdependent relationship. The Act also lists some specific factors that the court looks at. The factors are:

• whether the couple has a conjugal (sexual) relationship;
• how exclusive the relationship is (for example, whether each person has conjugal relationships with others);
• how the couple usually acts and conducts themselves regarding household activities and living arrangements (for example, whether they share rooms or chores);
• the extent to which the couple portrays to others that they are an economic and domestic unit (for example, whether they introduce themselves to others as a ‘couple’);
• the extent to which the couple formalizes their legal obligations, intentions and responsibilities toward one another (for example, whether they have completed an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement or made provision for each other in their Wills);
• the extent to which direct and indirect contributions have been made to each other or for their mutual well-being (for example, payments into joint bank accounts or providing health benefits for each other);
• the extent to which they financially depend on each other;
• how the couple cares for and supports any children;
• whether the couple has bought, owns, or uses property together.

Remember, these are all just factors a judge could take into account when deciding whether or not two people are in an adult interdependent relationship. They are not absolute requirements. For example, an adult interdependent relationship does not have to be conjugal (sexual). It can be platonic (between friends or relatives), but it is more likely to be an adult interdependent relationship if it is conjugal.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

You are not in an adult interdependent relationship if you live together but you:

• have not lived together for three years; and
• do not have a child together; and
• have not signed an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement.

If this is the case, you may still qualify as common-law partners under federal laws (such as for tax purposes) depending on how long you have lived together. However, you will not qualify for benefits available to adult interdependent partners.

If you have not yet lived together for three years, you can be considered adult interdependent partners if you make an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement. You can then qualify for the benefits available to adult interdependent partners. See the section called “ Adult Interdependent Partner Agreements” for more information on this type of agreement.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

A person who is younger than 18 years can be in an adult interdependent relationship if:

• they meet the requirements set out in the Adult Interdependent Relationships Act; and
• they are not related to each other by blood or adoption.

You do not need to make an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement to be in an adult interdependent relationship. However, if you are a minor and want to make an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement, you can only do so if:

• you are 16 or 17 years old; and
• your guardians sign the Agreement indicating their consent; and
• you are not related to your partner by blood or adoption.

Last Reviewed: November 2019

Yes, you can be in an adult interdependent relationship with a relative if:

• you are both over 18 years of age; and
• you both sign an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement.

If you do not meet both of these requirements, then you cannot be in an adult interdependent relationship with a relative.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes, as long as the relationship meets the requirements of an adult interdependent relationship under the Act.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

No. The Adult Interdependent Relationships Act says that a relationship of interdependence does not exist where one person provides another person with domestic support and personal care:

• for money or other favours (such as room and board); or
• on behalf of another person or organization, including the government.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes. If you are still married but separated, you can be in an adult interdependent relationship with someone else. However, you cannot sign an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement with your adult interdependent partner while you are still married to someone else.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

No. The Act states that a person can only have one adult interdependent partner at a time.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes. The Adult Interdependent Relationships Act applies to adult interdependent relationships that began before the Act came into force, as long as the criteria set out in the Act are satisfied.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes. The Adult Interdependent Relationships Act has amended the Insurance Act to allow for a person to insure the life of an adult interdependent partner. There are also rules which allow for an adult interdependent partner to receive certain insurance benefits under the law.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes. The law for AISH states that benefits available to a spouse of a severely handicapped person are now also available to the cohabiting partner of that person. A cohabiting partner includes someone who is an adult interdependent partner. The income and assets of the cohabiting partner will be taken into account in the financial assessment. (See the Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped General Regulations.)

Last Reviewed: June 2019

No. The Dower Act only applies to married people while the Adult Interdependent Relationships Act only applies to unmarried couples.

The Dower Act gives a married person the right to live in a matrimonial home and makes sure that the home will not be mortgaged, sold or transferred without the spouse agreeing.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

An Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement is a formal document that two people sign to indicate they are in an adult interdependent relationship. The agreement must be in the form provided in legislation called the Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement Regulation.

The agreement must include the following details:

• the names and addresses of the two people who are becoming adult interdependent partners;
• a statement that the partners understand they are becoming each other’s adult interdependent partners and that they will now have all the benefits and obligations of adult interdependent partners under Alberta law;
• a statement that each of the partners are 16 years or older, are not married, have not signed another adult interdependent agreement, and are living or intend to live together in a relationship of interdependence;
• a statement that the agreement will expire if they become former adult interdependent partners;
• the date of the agreement;
• the signatures of each partner and two witnesses for each partner. The names and addresses of the witnesses must also be included; and
• if either partner is 16 or 17 years of age, the guardians of that partner must indicate their consent by signing the agreement. (Partners who are related by blood or adoption cannot enter into an agreement until they are at least 18 years old.)

The format for an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement can be found here: http://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2011_066.cfm&leg_type=Regs&isbncln=9780779757336

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Sort of. There is a specific format for an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement. The format is set out in the Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement Regulation. You can copy and paste or retype the required information into your own document before printing off and signing. However, be careful to copy the format exactly or else the agreement may be invalid.

The format for an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement can be found here: http://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2011_066.cfm&leg_type=Regs&isbncln=9780779757336

Last Reviewed: June 2019

No. Each partner should have an original copy of the agreement and should keep it in a safe place in case you need to reference it later on.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

No. In a cohabitation agreement, two people who live together set out what their obligations are to each other in the relationship, including what their roles are in the relationship or how their property might be divided or financial support provided if they separate. There is no specific format for a cohabitation agreement. You should contact a lawyer if you want to make a cohabitation agreement to make sure the agreement is valid.

An Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement simply states that the partners agree to be in an adult interdependent relationship. The agreement must be in the form provided in legislation called the Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement Regulation.

The format for an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement can be found here: http://www.qp.alberta.ca/1266.cfm?page=2011_066.cfm&leg_type=Regs&isbncln=9780779757336

Last Reviewed: June 2019

The law states that you cannot enter into an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement if:

• you have signed an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement with someone else;
• you are legally married;
• you are a minor (unless you are at least 16 years old, your guardians give written consent to the agreement, and you are not related to your partner by blood or adoption);
• you are forced to sign the agreement under fraud or duress (being forced or pressured into the agreement);
• you do not have capacity to understand what you are agreeing to; or
• you and your partner are not living together when you sign the Agreement and do not intend to live together.

If you fall under one of the situations listed above, then the Agreement will not be valid.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes, with one exception. People related to each other by blood or adoption must sign an agreement in order to be in an adult interdependent relationship.

For everyone else, an agreement is simply a way to formalize the adult interdependent relationship. Regardless of whether you have an agreement, you are still in an adult interdependent relationship if you:

• have lived with your partner in a relationship of interdependence for at least three years; or
• have a child (by birth or adoption) with your partner and have lived with them in a relationship of interdependence (could be for less than three years).

A relationship of interdependence means you share each other’s lives, are emotionally committed to each other, and function as an economic and domestic unit.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Sometimes. A minor can enter into an agreement if:

• they are at least 16 years of age; and
• their guardians give their consent by signing the agreement.

A minor cannot enter into an agreement or be in an adult interdependent relationship with a person they are related to by blood or adoption.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

An Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement ends when the adult interdependent relationship ends. See the question “When does an adult interdependent relationship end?” for more information.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

No. An Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement is not valid if one person was persuaded to make the agreement by fraud, duress or undue influence. ‘Fraud’ means that someone deceived you or lied to you to get you to sign the agreement. ‘Duress’ means that someone put a lot of pressure on you to sign the agreement. ‘Undue influence’ means that someone used their power over you to make you sign the agreement.

If you lost money or suffered other damages because you signed the agreement and the other person knew the agreement would be invalid, you can take legal action against the other person.

If someone else (who did not sign the agreement) lost money or suffered damages because they relied on the invalid agreement, that person can take legal action against the partners who signed the agreement (if one or more of the partners knew the agreement was invalid).

Last Reviewed: June 2019

The Adult Interdependent Relationships Act specifically provides that where someone falsely uses an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement to claim that an adult interdependent relationship exists with someone, they are liable to anyone else who suffers loss because they rely on the agreement. The person is also liable if they allege that an adult interdependent relationship exists when one does not.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

An adult interdependent relationship ends if:

• you and your partner make a written agreement stating that the relationship is over, that you intend to live separate and apart, and that there is no possibility of reconciliation. You can make this type of agreement even if you did not make an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement; or
• you and your partner live separate and apart for one year, and one or both of you intends that the relationship is over; or
• you marry each other, or one of you marries someone else; or
• you or your partner enter into an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement with someone else (this applies where you are in an adult interdependent relationship but have not signed an Adult Interdependent Agreement); or
• one or both of you get a declaration of irreconcilability under the Family Law Act.

Once the adult interdependent relationship ends, you become “former adult interdependent partners”.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

If you reconcile for less than 90 days before breaking up again, the clock does not stop on the requirement that you live separate and apart for one year before you can become former adult interdependent partners of each other. For example, if you break up for 5 months and then reconcile for 2 months before breaking up again, you would only have to be separated for another 5 months to have lived separate and apart for one year.

If you reconcile for 90 days or more, then the clock restarts on the requirement that you live separate and apart for one year before you can become former adult interdependent partners of each other. For example, if you break up for 9 months and then reconcile for 5 months, you would have to live separate and apart for another year before the relationship would be deemed to be over. The initial 9-month separation would not count.

You can also both sign a written agreement stating that the relationship is over, that you intend to live separate and apart, and that there is no possibility of reconciliation. You do not have to wait one year before signing this type of agreement. You can make this type of agreement even if you did not make an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Yes, you can live with your former adult interdependent partner. However, it is important to ensure that your lives are as separate as possible, even while living in the same house. Otherwise, you might still be considered to be in a relationship. For example, you should have separate financial arrangements, provide no benefits to each other, and not have sexual relations.

If there is a dispute, you must be able to show that, even though you lived together, you lived separate and apart for one year. The onus is on the person claiming the relationship did not end to show that the adult interdependent relationship existed throughout this period.

To remove any confusion, you and your partner could enter into a written agreement stating that the adult interdependent relationship is over, that you intend to live separate and apart, and that there is no possibility of reconciliation. You do not have to wait one year before signing this type of agreement. You can make this type of agreement even if you did not make an Adult Interdependent Partner Agreement.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Alberta’s Family Property Act says that adult interdependent partners divide property the same way that married couples divide property:

1. Some property one partner can keep for themselves. This includes the property you brought into the relationship and some kinds of property you get during the relationship (including gifts, inheritances, insurance payouts and court awards). If you bring property into the relationship, you get to keep the value of the property as of the date the relationship began. If you get a gift, inheritance, insurance payout or court award during the relationship, you get to keep the value of that property as of the date it was received.
2. Some property is divided, but not necessarily equally. This includes the increase in value of property brought into the relationship and the increase in value of any gifts, inheritances, insurance payouts and court awards received during the relationship. This category also includes new property gotten from the sale of this property and gifts received from the other person.
3. Some property is divided equally. This is all of the property the couple acquired during the relationship.

For more information, see CPLEA’s booklet called Property Division for Married and Unmarried Couples, part of the Families and the Law series.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

You may have to if your adult interdependent partner was a witness to your Will or Personal Directive or Power of Attorney.

• If your adult interdependent partner was not a witness to your Will or Personal Directive or Power of Attorney, then the document is still valid and is not changed just because you enter into an adult interdependent relationship.
• If your adult interdependent partner was a witness to your Personal Directive or Power of Attorney, then the document is no longer valid. You should make a new Personal Directive or Power of Attorney and have someone else witness it.
• If your adult interdependent partner was a witness to your Will, then the Will is still valid but any gifts to that partner are invalid. If you want your partner to be a beneficiary of your estate, you should make a new Will and have someone else witness it.

Even if the document is still valid, you may consider changing it if it no longer reflects your wishes.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

If you ended your relationship after February 1, 2012, your Will is still valid and is not affected by your change in relationship. However, certain parts of your Will may no longer be valid:

• if you leave a gift in your Will to your former adult interdependent partner, that gift is revoked (cancelled) unless you specifically intended for that person to still get the gift even after the separation. You can state your intention right in your Will or Codicil by confirming the gift and acknowledging the change in relationship;
• if you named your former adult interdependent partner as your Personal Representative, that appointment is revoked (cancelled), meaning that person cannot act. If you have named alternate Personal Representatives, then those people may be able to act. If you have not named any other Personal Representatives, your Will is still valid but someone will need to apply to the court for authority to administer your estate.

Your Personal Directive or Power of Attorney are still valid and are not affected by your change in relationship. However, you may want to change these documents if they no longer reflect your wishes (such as if your former adult interdependent partner is named as your agent or attorney).

Last Reviewed: June 2019

Generally, the deceased partner’s estate is distributed according to their Will.

However, the surviving adult interdependent partner has certain rights regardless of what the Will says:

1. The surviving partner has a right to occupy the family home for a period of 90 days starting on the date of the death of the deceased partner.

This right to occupy the family home for 90 days arises if the surviving partner is not on title to the home and is ordinarily occupying the home it at the time of the death of the deceased partner. This right applies to condominiums, rented homes, a part of a business premise used for living space and mobile homes. The surviving partner is entitled to use the household goods during this time.

The deceased partner’s estate is responsible for paying the rent or mortgage payments for the home, payments on any leases or loans for household goods, insurance, taxes, utilities, and the costs of reasonable maintenance and repair of the home and household goods. The surviving partner is responsible for ensuring that the home and household goods are maintained and kept in a state of reasonable repair.

2. The surviving partner may ask the court for maintenance and support from the deceased partner’s estate if the deceased partner did not make adequate provisions for the surviving partner in their Will.

These rights are set out in Alberta’s Wills and Succession Act.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

The deceased partner is said to die intestate if they die without a will.

Two problems arise:

1. There is no one appointed to deal with the estate;
2. There is no formal, written record of what the deceased partner wanted to happen with their estate.

There are two laws in Alberta that deal with these problems.

First, the Estate Administration Act sets out who can apply to the court for a grant of administration for the deceased’s estate. This person is called the administrator. Under the Act, the surviving adult interdependent partner (or spouse) has first priority to apply to be the administrator or to nominate someone else to be the administrator of the estate. No one has authority to deal with an intestate person’s estate until they have permission from the court.

Once an administrator has been appointed by the court, Alberta’s Wills and Succession Act sets out who can inherit the deceased’s estate. The administrator must first pay off the deceased’s debt using the assets in the estate. Whatever assets are left, if any, are usually sold and the money received is given to the beneficiaries.

• If the deceased partner died without any descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc.), then the surviving partner inherits the whole estate.
• If the deceased partner died with descendants, and those descendants are also the descendants of the surviving partner, then the deceased partner gets the whole estate.
• If the deceased partner died with descendants, and those descendants are not also descendants of the surviving partner, then the surviving partner gets either 50% of the estate or $150,000, whichever amount is greater. The deceased partner’s descendants share the rest of the estate.

If the surviving partner is related to the deceased partner, then the surviving partner only gets what they are entitled to as the surviving partner and not in any other capacity. (For example, if the surviving partner is the deceased partner’s child, the surviving partner would not get more from the estate for being both a partner and a child, they would only get their portion for being a partner.)

A surviving partner also has a right to live in the family home for 90 days after the deceased partner’s death and to make a claim for maintenance and support. See the question above called “What happens when one adult interdependent partner dies with a will?” for more information about these rights.

Last Reviewed: June 2019

A creditor is someone you owe money to, such as a person, bank, credit card company or other lender. You are the debtor – the person who owes money to the creditor
Last Reviewed: October 2020

Yes. But this is usually a last resort. The creditor will try other tactics first, such as calling you and sending you letters. If these methods are unsuccessful and they believe you are able to pay, they will consider taking you to court.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

If you are served with (given) court documents, do not ignore them! Get legal advice immediately. You should respond to the court documents. If you do not respond, the court can make a decision without hearing your side of the story.

The court will determine if you owe the money or not. Usually, whether you owe the money is not in dispute. Usually the creditor can easily prove the debt, such as with an agreement. The judge will issue a judgment, which says you owe the money to the creditor. The creditor can then take steps to enforce the judgment, such as seize your property, or garnish your bank account or wages.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Maybe. To seize (take) your property, a creditor must have a court order allowing it to do so OR your written permission to place a lien on the property.

A creditor usually only gets a court order if they believe your property has enough re-sale value to cover the amount you owe. Otherwise, it is not worth the creditor’s time and money (legal fees) to do this.

Sometimes when you borrow money, one of the conditions of the loan is you allow the lender to place a lien on your property. This agreement must be in writing. You should know if you signed such a document. For example, if you bought an item on a ‘buy now, pay later’ plan, the contract might have a clause giving the creditor permission to lien the goods if you do not pay. Check your loan documents.

In many provinces, basic household goods are exempt from seizure – they cannot be taken.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

No. You can only go to jail if you are convicted of a criminal offence. Creditors file lawsuits in civil court. A judge can issue a judgment against you. To collect on the judgment, the creditor can garnish your bank accounts or wages, seize your property or put a lien on your house.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Collection agencies act on behalf of creditors – people trying to collect money from you, such as a bank, credit card company or other lender. Collection agencies must follow rules set by provincial governments. The province they operate in must license them.

Creditors can hire collection agencies to try to collect the debt. If the collection agency cannot collect, they will notify the creditor of their attempts. The creditor then decides what to do. Sometimes collection agencies buy the debt from the creditor. The collection agency will try to collect and then can take you to court if they cannot.

For more information on Collection Agencies in Alberta, see CPLEA’s Collection Agencies tip sheet.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

The rules are slightly different in each province. However, generally collection agencies cannot:

• Make calls so often and in a manner that is considered harassment
• Make calls during certain times of the day. These times are different across the country. In Alberta, collection agencies cannot call or visit you between 10pm and 7am.

If you think a collection agency is harassing you, contact the consumer protection office in your province.

For more information on Collection Agencies in Alberta, see CPLEA’s Collection Agencies tip sheet.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A Licensed Insolvency Trustee (LIT) is a person licensed by the Canadian Superintendent of Bankruptcy. A LIT can:

• give a debtor information and advice about the bankruptcy process and alternatives to bankruptcy
• administer consumer proposals and bankruptcies
• manage assets held in trust
• make sure that both the debtor’s rights and the creditor’s rights are respected

A LIT is ethically and legally obligated to provide you with objective, unbiased advice on your options. They will not ‘sell’ you into bankruptcy. If another option makes sense, the trustee should advise you of this. You must use a LIT to file a consumer proposal or bankruptcy.

A LIT is not the same as a financial advisor. A financial advisor (who is not also a LIT) is not licensed and is not qualified to advise you on your options.

To find a Licensed Insolvency Trustee, visit the Government of Canada’s website.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

You have options. Bankruptcy is only a last resort. Some options include:

• Negotiating a payment plan with your creditors or collection agency on your own (sometimes called an informal proposal)
• Credit counselling
• Debt consolidation loan
• Debt Management Plan
• Consolidation order (also known as an Orderly Payment of Debts)
• Consumer proposal

See the next section for more information on these options.

If these options do not work, then you may have to declare bankruptcy. See below for more information on declaring bankruptcy.

If you are curious about your options, you can contact a Licensed Insolvency Trustee or a qualified credit counsellor.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Maybe. You can try to make an agreement with the creditor. For example, if you owe $2000, you could offer to pay $250 from each pay cheque until the debt is paid off. The creditor does not have to negotiate with you but many creditors will to avoid the costs of taking legal action.

This may work if you have one or a few debts. If you have many creditors, trying to negotiate with each creditor may be difficult.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

If you have debts to many different creditors, you have two options other than bankruptcy or a consumer proposal:

• consolidation loan
• consolidation order

See below for more information on each.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A credit counselling agency can ask your creditors to agree to consolidate your unsecured debts into one affordable payment. You will have to pay back 100% of your debts. The credit counselling agency will collect the payment from you and pay your creditors. You will have to pay the agency an administrative fee.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A consolidation loan is a loan from a financial institution (such as a bank) that pays all or most of your debts. Then you repay the consolidated amount to your bank. The benefit? One payment with usually a lower interest rate (compared to different interest rates on many debts). For example, if you have unpaid balances on five credit cards, you may be able to get a consolidated loan to pay them all off and then you would have a single payment to the bank each month.

This solution often works when your debts are not too large and your future income is secure. The interest rate on the consolidation loan is often lower than what you are paying your creditors (especially if your debts are credit card debts). You can usually save money in interest charges. However, if the bank charges a high interest rate, this solution may not be ideal.

If the bank wants security for the loan (property as collateral for the debt), make sure you can make the payments. Otherwise, if you miss the payments, the bank can seize the security (such as your house or car).

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A consolidation order is a court order consolidating personal unsecured debts. This order is available through the Orderly Payment of Debts program, created under Canada’s Bankruptcy & Insolvency Act. This program is only available in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia.

The provincial court issues a consolidation order – consolidating your unsecured debt into one monthly payment. The payment is calculated based on what you can afford and approved by your creditors. You will have to pay back 100% of your debts plus fixed 5% interest. You pay the court and the court makes payments to your creditors.

A consolidation order is not available for business debts.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A consumer proposal is a settlement with your creditors. It is a formal procedure governed by Canada’s Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. It is only available to individuals (not businesses) owing less than $250,000 (excluding debts secured by your principal residence). (If you owe more than $250,000, you must file a Division I proposal.) If you own more than one home, only the mortgages on your principal residence may be excluded.

Usually you will pay back between 10% and 90% of your debts, based on what you can afford to pay. A Licensed Insolvency Trustee (LIT) administers the consumer proposal – putting together a proposal and negotiating with creditors. You make payments to the trustee and the trustee pays money to your creditors.

The advantages of a consumer proposal are:

• you keep all of your assets
• lawsuits against you by unsecured creditors will be stopped
• you do not have to declare bankruptcy
• it is simpler than a Division I proposal

There are fixed fees (about $1800 that mostly goes to the LIT) and the LIT receives 20% of the funds available for distribution.

For more information on consumer proposals, see the Government of Canada’s website.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A Division I proposal is a settlement with creditors. It is available for individuals and businesses. There is no limit on how much money you owe.

Usually the borrower (individual or business) will pay back between 10% and 90% of your debts, based on what they can afford to pay. A Licensed Insolvency Trustee (LIT) administers the Division I proposal – putting together a proposal and negotiating with creditors.

If you do not follow through with the proposal, the LIT or creditor can apply to court to cancel the proposal and place you in bankruptcy.

For more information on Division I proposals, see the Government of Canada’s website.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

No. You cannot use a consolidation order or consumer proposal for business debts.

You can still try one or more of the following:

• negotiating a repayment plan with creditors or a collection agency
• applying for a consolidation loan at a financial institution (such as a bank)
• submitting a Division I proposal

If you are negotiating a repayment plan or applying for a consolidation loan, make sure you understand what you are signing. For example, a creditor or bank may ask you to sign a personal guarantee as a guarantor. A guarantor (in this case, you) is liable for the debts of the borrower (in this case, the business). If the borrower defaults, the guarantor must pay the amount owing. You should get legal advice before signing a guarantee.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Remember, by the time you reach this point, your credit rating may already be severely compromised. Restoring your credit rating takes time, it is not automatic.

The Credit Bureau is notified when you enter into an arrangement described above. You will be assigned a lower credit rating score. The arrangement remains on your credit score for several years after you have completely repaid your debts.

All of these options have a long-term effect on your credit rating. One option does not necessarily have a better or worse effect on your credit rating. It depends on your circumstances.

For example:

• You get a consolidation order with a five-year repayment plan. When you are done repaying, your lowered credit score remains for another two years. Total effect: 7 years.
• You address your debt through a consumer proposal with a five-year repayment plan. When you are done repaying, your lowered credit score remains for another three years. Total effect: 8 years.
• You declare bankruptcy and you are discharged after 9 months. After your discharge, your lowered credit score remains for another six years. Total effect: about 7 years.
• You declare bankruptcy a second time. After your discharge, your lowered credit score can remain for up to 14 years.

You may or may not be able to get credit during one of the processes. No one is ever required to give you credit. Your ability to get and use credit after your debts are repaid depends if you are able to convince lenders that you can repay the new debt. Make sure your credit record is updated and that you keep all documents for reference by future lenders.

The issue of the effect on your credit rating is complex. Consider contacting a Licensed Insolvency Trustee for more information and advice.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Bankruptcy is one option to help people cope with financial crises. It is a formal legal proceeding governed by Canada’s Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. Bankruptcy allows a debtor (person who cannot repay their debts) to start afresh by freeing them of most of their debt. More specifically, the debtor signs over all of their assets (except those the law says are exempt and that the debtor can keep) to a Licensed Insolvency Trustee. The debtor is the bankrupt. The trustee then uses or sells the assets to pay the bankrupt’s creditors.

You must be insolvent to file for bankruptcy. To be insolvent, you must:

• owe at least $1000, and
• not be able to meet your debts as they become due

Filing for bankruptcy stops all actions by unsecured creditors, such as wage garnishments and lawsuits.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Yes, but it is not common.

There are generally two ways a person can go into bankruptcy:

1. The person makes an “assignment” into bankruptcy. This is also called voluntarily “going into”, “declaring” or “filing for” bankruptcy.
2. Creditors can ask the court to make an order that a person is bankrupt. This is not common.

Bankruptcy is automatic if the creditors or the court reject a Division I proposal.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

You must contact a Licensed Insolvency Trustee. To find a Licensed Insolvency Trustee, visit the Government of Canada’s website.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

It depends on the length and complexity of your case. The simplest cases start at $2000 plus GST and counselling costs.

You do not necessarily pay this fee upfront. Often, your trustee is paid out of money received from selling your assets. If you have no assets available to sell, the trustee can ask you for a retainer or ask that you pay fees and expenses over time. Most firms offer payment plans that allow you to pay costs over time.

The Government of Canada sets filing fees and trustee fees.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

You will go through several steps during bankruptcy. Below are the twelve most common steps. The process and order of steps looks different for everyone. No two bankruptcies are the same.

Step 1: Contact and meet with a Licensed Insolvency Trustee. To find a Licensed Insolvency Trustee in your area, visit the Government of Canada’s website.

Step 2: Work with the trustee to complete the required forms. The trustee files the bankruptcy with the Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB). You are then formally declared bankrupt. From this point on, the trustee deals directly with your creditors.

Step 3: Sign over all of your assets to your trustee (except for the exemptions). “Assets” includes all the assets you have at the time you file for bankruptcy, including your credit cards, as well as any that you get during the time of your bankruptcy. You cannot sell or give away any assets assigned to the trustee.

Step 4: Give the trustee your T-4 slips and any other information they need to complete outstanding tax returns to the date of bankruptcy. The day you file for bankruptcy is treated like the end of your tax year. In the year you file for bankruptcy you must file two different tax returns (one pre-bankruptcy and one post-bankruptcy). Income tax debt is included in your bankruptcy, although you may have to pay it separately. Any refund you are entitled to is an asset that will come to your trustee for your creditors.

Step 5: Trustee notifies your creditors. There may be a meeting of your creditors. This depends on the size of your estate and whether the creditors or OSB request one. Meetings are usually not held for personal bankruptcies. The purpose of the meeting is to:

• Give creditors information about the bankruptcy
• Confirm the trustee’s appointment
• Appoint up to five inspectors to supervise the administration of your bankruptcy
• Allow creditors to give directions to the trustee

Step 6: Trustee sells your assets, and you make payments to your trustee. Your trustee distributes these payments to your creditors. The trustee calculates your payments based on your income, family income, income standards issued by the OSB, and your personal and family situation.

Step 7: Attend an examination under oath by an OSB officer. The purpose of the examination is to question you about your conduct, the causes of the bankruptcy, and the disposition of your property.

Step 8: Pay and report to your trustee monthly. Each month, you must report your household income and living expenses and any change in your family situation. You must also provide copies of your pay stubs. Your trustee decides if your net income was higher than the limit allowed by law for you to live (“surplus income”). If you have any surplus income, you must make a payment each month to the trustee. The more you earn, the more you must give the trustee for the benefit of your creditors. You must also keep your trustee informed as to where you are living, respond to the trustee’s requests and help the trustee as required. If you miss a payment to your trustee, your discharge date will be postponed.

Step 9: Attend two credit counselling sessions. The purpose of these sessions is to help you learn about and understand the causes of your bankruptcy, as well as help you manage your finances in the future. To be eligible for an “automatic 21 month discharge”, you must take these two credit counselling sessions. Counselling can be one-on-one (you and your trustee). It can also be in a group with other bankrupts and your trustee. If you have little or no income, are a first time bankrupt and co-operate with your trustee, you could be discharged in nine months.

Step 10: Trustee reports to the OSB on your actions during the bankruptcy. This report outlines your current financial situation and recommends whether you should be discharged from your debts. If either you or a creditor does not agree with the trustee’s recommendations, you or the creditor may ask the trustee for mediation. If you do not reach an agreement on the conditions for your discharge through mediation, the trustee must apply to the court for a hearing.

Step 11: Attend a discharge hearing (if required). Usually a first-time bankrupt with little or no income is automatically granted a discharge nine months after filing for bankruptcy. If you are granted an automatic discharge, there is no court hearing – your trustee sends you a copy of the discharge. If you have been bankrupt before, or do not qualify for an automatic discharge, the trustee contacts the court for a date to hear the application for discharge. The court chooses one of the following:

• Absolute discharge. You do not have to repay what remains of the unsecured debts you had at the date your bankruptcy was filed (except for excluded debts).
• Conditional discharge. You must fulfill certain conditions beforehand, such as paying a certain amount of money, possibly over time.
• Suspended discharge. This is an absolute discharge that does not take effect until a future date.
• Discharge refused.

If a discharge is adjourned “sine die”, you are essentially stuck in bankruptcy and all duties remain in force. Once the trustee closes the file (or gets discharged from your case), you will have no protection from your creditors. Generally this happens when the bankrupt consistently does not complete their duties.

Step 12: Bankruptcy is discharged. Once you are discharged, you no longer have to repay what is left of the unsecured debts you had at the date of bankruptcy, except for excluded debts.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A discharge marks the end of your bankruptcy period. You can be automatically discharged if you meet certain conditions. If someone challenges your discharge, the court makes a decision.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

There are several advantages to filing for bankruptcy:

• A creditor cannot send a collection agency after you, start a legal action or garnish wages. You are protected.
• Your unsecured debts are eliminated.
• It can be relatively quick.
• It can be less expensive than other options.
• If you have little or no income, are a first time bankrupt and cooperate with your trustee, you can be discharged in as little as nine months.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

There are many reasons why you may want to avoid declaring bankruptcy:

• You may lose certain assets (such as valuable cars and homes). You keep your assets with a consumer proposal or Division I proposal.
• You must keep detailed records of your income and expenses while you remain bankrupt.
• Increased income means increased payments to your trustee. Each month you must report your income to your trustee. With a proposal, your payments stay the same regardless of your income.
• A bankruptcy is not necessarily over in 21 months.
  • If you have significant surplus (extra) income or you are a repeat bankrupt, your bankruptcy may not end in 21 months. Each year the government says how much you can earn while bankrupt (depending on the size of your family and other factors). If you have significant surplus income, your bankruptcy will likely be extended.
  • If you owe more than $200,000 of personal income tax debt that represents 75% or more of your total unsecured debt, your bankruptcy will not end in 21 months.
  • If you have been bankruptcy before, your bankruptcy will not end in 21 months.
  • If a creditor believes you could have solved your debt issues with a consumer proposal instead, they may oppose your discharge.
• There may be a stigma (real or perceived) about bankruptcy.
• Bankruptcy cannot deal with some debts. For example: certain student loans, maintenance payments and debts obtained through false pretenses.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Usually not many people.

If you have significant assets (exceeding $10,000), your trustee places a notice in the “legal” section of the newspaper notifying creditors of the date of the meeting of creditors (if there is one). If you do not have many assets (under $10,000), creditors are notified by mail only.

The paperwork filed with the court for bankruptcy are public documents. Anyone can search court records for these documents. Filing documents in court notifies the Credit Bureau. The bankruptcy is recorded and remains on your credit record for six years.

Unless you are a prominent person and the media picks up the filing, chances are that only your creditors and the Credit Bureau will know about your bankruptcy.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

No. Your bank is breaking the law if they cancel or refuse to open a bank account for you because you have been, or are, in bankruptcy.

If you believe that a financial institution has breached (broken) this law, contact the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. You can also make a complaint with the Ombudsman for Banking Services and Investments (OBSI) – an independent organization that investigates consumer complaints against financial services providers, including banks.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

It depends on what kind of property you own.

The following property is not assigned to your trustee:

• property that is exempt from transfer by federal and provincial laws
• property that is security for loans (unencumbered property), such as a house secured by a mortgage

Make sure that you disclose all of your property and its value to your trustee. Once you have filed for bankruptcy, you cannot dispose of (sell or give away) any assets assigned to the trustee

Last Reviewed: October 2020

The laws are slightly different in each province but basic concepts are the same.

If your house has little or no equity (you still owe a lot of money on it), you can usually arrange to keep paying your mortgage and keep your house after filing for bankruptcy. The trustee does not get involved with this.

If your house has substantial equity, your trustee will either:

• seize your house and sell it OR
• make arrangements for you to re-purchase the equity from the trustee

You can calculate your home’s equity as follows: Value of house less mortgage and property taxes owing.

The rules about houses and bankruptcy are complicated. Contact a Licensed Insolvency Trustee for more information and advice.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

You can keep property that is encumbered (security for a loan) if the lender lets you keep it. For example, your house.

You can also keep assets that are exempt by provincial, territorial or federal laws. But you can only keep the equity in the asset, and even that can have limits. Equity is the difference between the value of the asset and any charges or encumbrances against the asset (amounts owing).

Example: You have a car worth $10,000. There is a secured debt against it of $6,000 (if you financed the vehicle, this could be the amount remaining). The equity in the car is $4,000. In Alberta, the exemption for a car is $5,000. You are entitled to the equity of $4,000. Unsecured creditors cannot take the car.

The laws of exemption are different in each province or territory. Common examples include:

• food required by the bankrupt and their dependants during the next 12 months
• necessary clothing of the bankrupt and their dependants (but usually only up to a certain value)
• household furniture and appliances (but only up to a certain value)
• one motor vehicle (but only up to a certain value)
• medical and dental aids required by the bankrupt and their dependants
• some portion of land where the bankrupt is a bona fide farmer and whose principal source of livelihood is farming, as long as the bankrupt’s principal residence is located on that land and the land in question is part of the bankrupt’s farm
• equity in the bankrupt’s principal residence (but only up to a certain value). If the debtor is a co-owner of the residence, the amount of the exemption is reduced to an amount that is proportionate to the debtor’s ownership interest.
• personal property (such as tools, equipment, books) required by the bankrupt to earn income from their occupation (but only up to a certain value)
• where the bankrupt’s primary income is from farming operations, personal property required by the bankrupt for the proper and efficient conduct of the farming operations for the next 12 months

For more information on exemptions in your province or territory, contact a Licensed Insolvency Trustee.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

All the assets you own at the date of bankruptcy (other than your allowed personal exemptions) go to the trustee for the benefit of your creditors. In addition, any assets that you acquire (purchase or are given) during bankruptcy period go to the trustee for the benefit of your creditors.

This includes:

• inheritances to which you might become entitled by the death of someone during your bankruptcy
• any tax refunds outstanding as the date of the bankruptcy
• any pre-bankruptcy tax rebates
• any award for wrongful dismissal
• lottery winnings
• any significant property that you purchase with any surplus income.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Your spouse or partner will not be directly affected by your bankruptcy if they are not responsible for any of your debt. In other words, they are not affected as long as they did not sign an agreement or contract for any of your debt – as a guarantor or co-signer. (If your spouse or partner has a supplemental credit card, they will likely be responsible for that debt.) If your spouse or partner is responsible for some or all of your debt, or they have their own unmanageable debt, then they may have to file for bankruptcy too.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Child support, spousal support and partner support payments are not affected by bankruptcy. You must keep making these payments.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, some debts are not discharged by bankruptcy. These debts include:

• support payments (child, spousal or partner)
• student loans (if you stopped being a student less than seven years ago)
• court-ordered fines or penalties
• debts arising from fraud

Bankruptcy usually does not affect secured debts, such as a mortgage or vehicle financing. A secured loan means the lender requires the borrower to use its property as collateral for the debt. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender can seize the property. It can use the property to repay the loan. If you can afford monthly payments while bankrupt, you may be able to make an agreement with the secured creditor. However, declaring bankruptcy is usually an act of default under a mortgage and can trigger the foreclosure process (though the lender can choose not to if you are making payments). Talk to a Licensed Insolvency Trustee for more information and advice.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

The length of your bankruptcy depends on many things. The shortest time is nine months.

You can be automatically discharged after nine months if:

• This is your first bankruptcy, and you cooperate with the trustee.
• Your surplus income is less than $200 per month.
• Your creditors, the Superintendent of Bankruptcy or your trustee do not oppose your discharge. (They may oppose your discharge if you do not fulfil your duties or if you were not honest during the process.)
• You received credit counselling.

Surplus income is income above the limits set by the Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy. If your surplus income is more than $200 per month, you must pay your trustee 50% of the surplus amount.

The following can extend the length of your bankruptcy:

• Surplus income payments
• One or more previous bankruptcies
• If you owe more than $200,000 of personal income tax debt representing 75% or more of your total unsecured debt
• Failure to complete one or more duties
• Opposition to your discharge by your creditors, your trustee or the Superintendent of Bankruptcy

Your bankruptcy can last for up to 36 months if it is your second bankruptcy and you have surplus income greater than $200 per month.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Once you declare bankruptcy, you remain bankrupt until discharged. Depending on the circumstances of your bankruptcy, you can be automatically discharged or you may have to apply for a discharge.

While bankrupt, you must tell creditors you are bankrupt if you apply for more than $1000 in credit. If you are not cooperating with the trustee, they may remove themselves from your file. If a Licensed Insolvency Trustee is not working with you, then you lose certain protections. Creditors can start lawsuits against you or garnish your accounts. As well, the effect on your credit score lasts for years after you discharge. If you do not get discharged as soon as possible, the effect lasts longer.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

Remember, by the time you reach this point, your credit rating may already be severely compromised. Restoring your credit rating takes time, it is not automatic.

The Credit Bureau is notified when you file for bankruptcy. You will be assigned the lowest credit rating score. Bankruptcy has a long-term effect on your credit rating. The bankruptcy remains on your credit score for six years after your discharge. If you file for bankruptcy a second time, it can remain on your credit score for up to 14 years after discharge.

You may or may not be able to get credit during bankruptcy. No one is ever required to give you credit. Your ability to get and use credit after your debts are repaid depends if you are able to convince lenders that you can repay the new debt. While bankrupt, you must tell creditors you are bankrupt if you apply for more than $1000 in credit. Make sure your credit record is updated and that you keep all documents for reference by future lenders.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

First, try to work things out with your trustee. If you cannot resolve the problems, contact the Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy (OSB) in your area. The OSB can review and investigate your complaint and try to resolve the issue.

Last Reviewed: October 2020

A change in the place of residence of a person or child is a move that is not a relocation.

Last reviewed: March 2021

A relocation is a move of a person that is likely to have a significant impact on the child’s relationship with:

• a person who has parenting time or decision-making responsibility OR
• a person who has contact with the child under a contact order.

Last reviewed: March 2021

The definitions of change in place of residence and relocation do not include geographic boundaries. A move that is a relocation for one family (because it significantly impacts a child’s relationship with someone) may only be a change in place of residence for another family (because the move does not significantly impact the child’s relationship). Whether a move is a change in place of residence or a relocation depends on the situation of each family.

Another way to think about it is the person’s relationship with the child. If a person who only sees the child sometimes will continue to see the child the same after a move, this may only be a change in place of residence – even if the move means a change in cities.

Last reviewed: March 2021

The Divorce Act says anyone with decision-making responsibility, parenting time or contact must give notice of a move that is a change in the place of residence or relocation. What that notice must say depends on what type of move it is, and whether that person is proposing to move with the children.

Last reviewed: March 2021

If you are married or divorced and have children, you must tell your spouse or former spouse if you are moving, even if you are moving without the children.

There are some exceptions to giving notice:

• You get permission from the court not to give notice, such as if there is family violence.
• You have a court order saying you do not have to give notice of a move.

Read your divorce order. If your divorce order does not say anything about giving notice, you must give notice unless one of the exceptions apply. Keep reading to learn how and when to give notice.

Last reviewed: March 2021

No. If the other parent does not agree with you moving with the child, then you need the court’s permission to move the child. The court will decide in the child’s best interests. The court can order that the child move or not move. The court cannot order a parent to move or not.

If you are married or divorced and have a court order under the Divorce Act, you must give notice of your move, whether you are moving within the same city or further away. Keep reading to learn how and when to give notice.

Last reviewed: March 2021

How and when you give notice depends on your obligations to the child. Do you have parenting time or decision-making responsibility? Do you have contact with a child under a contact order? Keep reading to learn more!

Last reviewed: March 2021

How and when to give notice depends on whether you are changing residences or relocating.

If you are changing residences (with or without the children), you must give notice as follows:

• in writing
• to everyone who has parenting time, decision-making responsibility or contact under a contact order
• as soon as possible
• with the date of the move, address of new residence and contact info

If you are relocating, you must give notice as follows:

• at least 60 days before the proposed move
• in writing using Form 1. In Form 1, you must propose how you and others with parenting time, decision-making responsibility and contact will continue to exercise their obligations to the child.
• to everyone who has parenting time, decision-making responsibility and contact under a contact order

If you are proposing to relocate with the children, there are more rules. Keep reading to learn more!

Last reviewed: March 2021

If you have parenting time or decision-making responsibility, you can relocate with the children if a court order says you can.

If there is no court order, you must give notice in Form 1. A person with parenting time or decision-making responsibility can oppose the relocation by formally objecting within 30 days after receiving Form 1. The children cannot move until the objection has been resolved.

Last reviewed: March 2021

If you are okay with the move, you and your ex can work together to come up with a parenting plan. Remember that the plan must be in the best interests of the children.

You can present your plan to the court as a consent order so that your plan can be legally enforced, if need be.

Last reviewed: March 2021

Within 30 days of receiving notice in Form 1, you can state your objection in one of two ways:

• Completing Form 2 and serving it on the person proposing to relocate.
• Applying to the court for a parenting order or variation order.

If you and your ex cannot come to an agreement, then the court will decide whether the child can relocate.

Last reviewed: March 2021

You can ask the court for permission to move without giving notice to others. You can go to court without giving notice of the court hearing to your ex. The court can change or waive legal requirements to give notice of your move.

If it is an emergency, you should try to get a protection order from the court and ask for community and police assistance.

Last reviewed: March 2021

How and when you give notice depends on whether the move will significantly impact the child’s relationship with you.

If your move will not significantly impact the child’s relationship with you, you must give notice as follows:

• in writing
• to everyone who has parenting time or decision-making responsibility
• as soon as possible
• with the date of the move, address of the new residence and contact info

If your move will significantly impact the child’s relationship with you, you must give notice as follows:

• at least 60 days before the proposed move
• in writing using Form 3. In Form 3, you must propose how you will continue to have contact with the child after you move.
• to everyone who has parenting time and decision-making responsibility

Last reviewed: March 2021

A mobility application is a court hearing about whether a child can move or not.

Last reviewed: March 2021

The court will look at what is in the best interests of the child. The court will also look at:

• reasons for the relocation
• impact on the child
• amount of time the child spends with people with parenting time and the level of involvement of those people in child’s life
• whether the person who intends to relocate the child complied with notice requirements
• any orders or agreements that say in what area the child should live
• reasonableness of the proposal (considering also new residence and travel expenses)
• whether everyone with parenting time or decision-making responsibility has complied with all legal obligations

The court will NOT look at whether the person who intends to relocate would still move if the child was not allowed to move.

Last reviewed: March 2021

If there is an order or written agreement saying the child spends equal time with both parents, then the person who intends to relocate the child must show the move is in the best interests of the child.

If there is an order or written agreement saying the child spends the vast majority of their time with the person who intends to relocate, then the person who objects to relocation of the child must show the move is not in the best interests of the child.

In all other cases, all parties must show whether relocation is in the best interests of the child.

Last reviewed: March 2021

The court can divide between the two parents any costs incurred by the person who is not relocating in exercising their parenting time. This can include travel costs.

Last reviewed: March 2021

Court proceedings take time. It can take months, or even years, to go through the court processes and have a judge decide. The judge will want to hear all the evidence from all parents or guardians so they can decide if the move is in the children’s best interests. The judge usually does not give permission to move before making a final decision. It is best to make your court application well in advance of your planned move.

Last reviewed: March 2021

The Passport Canada website lists the required documentation. You will need

• the application form completed and signed;
• two identical passport photos;
• a signature of a guarantor;
• original proof of citizenship or immigration status;
• originals of any valid or expired passports or other travel documents;
• documents to support your identity; and
• the appropriate fee for processing.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

Yes. You must submit two identical black and white or colour photographs of yourself with your application. Any camera shop or photography studio can help you with this. Your photographs must meet certain specifications. The name and address of the photographer must appear on the back of one of the photos as well as the date it was taken. Your photograph must have been taken within 12 months of your application. Your application and one of your passport photos also has to be signed by a guarantor. The guarantor must certify on the back of your photo that it is a true likeness of you.

For more information, see Passport Canada.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

Yes. If you are getting your first passport or you cannot renew your existing passport, you will need to provide proof of your Canadian citizenship. If you were born in Canada, your birth certificate is the best proof. If you were born outside of Canada, a certificate of Canadian citizenship is the best proof. You must show the Passport Office the original certificate, not a copy. All of your original documents will be returned to you. If you can renew, then you don’t need a birth certificate or citizenship certificate.

Note: Baptismal and birth certificates issued by Quebec religious, municipal and judicial authorities before January 1, 1994 are not accepted as proof of citizenship.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

You can get a copy of your birth certificate from the provincial government in the province where you were born. In most Canadian provinces, this is done by the Office of Vital Statistics, although the exact name varies from province to province. Check the provincial government listings in your birth province or see the Passport Canada website for a list of Canadian Vital Statistics Offices.

You will have to fill out a form and pay a fee for a copy of your birth certificate and it may take several weeks to process your application, so you should apply right away if you will be traveling soon.

If you are eligible to renew your passport you do not need a birth certificate.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

No. An expired Canadian passport is not proof of citizenship. A Canadian passport is an official travel document, not proof of citizenship. You must provide original proof of Canadian citizenship, see Passport Canada.

However, if you are renewing you do not need to submit proof of citizenship.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

Yes. In some situations you may renew you passport. These are the conditions:

• you must live in Canada;
• you were at least 16 when your last passport was issued;
• you have a “5-year-validity-passport”, it was issued after January 31, 2002 in Canada, and it has not been altered, damaged, or reported stolen or lost;
• you lived in Canada when your last passport was issued;
• you apply using the same name that appears on your last passport; and
• you must provide a completed renewal form, include all current fees, include 2 new photos, and your last passport;

If you cannot meet these conditions, you must re-apply for a passport as if you never had one.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

The Passport Canada website lists the required documentation. You will need

• the renewal application form completed and signed;
• two identical passport photos;
• originals of any valid or expired passports or other travel documents; and
• the appropriate fee for processing.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

Yes. They are always returned.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

A guarantor is a person who “guarantees” your identity. He or she must be a person who has known you personally for at least two years and knows you well enough to confirm that the information you have given in your application is true. Only certain people can be guarantors.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

Eligible guarantors for adult Canadian residents must meet these conditions

• must have a valid “5-year” Canadian passport or has one that is no more then one year past expiry when you submit your application;
• must have known you personally for at least 2 years;
• must be a Canadian citizen who is at least 18 years old;
• was 16 years of age or older when they applied for their own passport; and
• may be a family member if they meet the other criteria.

If the passport is for a child, eligible guarantors must meet these conditions

• must have a valid “5-year” Canadian passport or has one that is no more then one year past expiry when you submit your application;
• must have known the legal guardian of the child personally for at least 2 years;
• must be a Canadian citizen who is at least 18 years old;
• was 16 years of age or older when they applied for their own passport;
• cannot be the parent or guardian applying for a passport (although the other parent or guardian is eligible); and
• may be a family member if they meet the other criteria.

If you serve in the military the following people can also be a guarantor if they’ve known you for 2 years

• Base Commander;
• Commanding Officer;
• Personnel Administrative Officer;
• NDHQ Director General;
• NDHQ Director; and
• NDHQ Career Manager

If you can’t find anyone who qualifies you can use the Declaration in lieu of guarantor form.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

You could mail your application and your photographs to someone else you know within Canada, who qualifies as a guarantor and ask that person to sign for you.

You can also fill out a form that the Passport Office will give you called a “Statutory Declaration in Lieu of Guarantor”(form PPTC 132). This form will need to be certified, at your expense, by a

• commissioner of Oaths,
• notary Public,
• justice of the Peace, or
• any other official qualified by your provincial government to administer oaths.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

No. A guarantor is not allowed to charge a fee for helping with your passport application.

Last Reviewed: August 2012

A passport is considered valid if it

• has not been damaged, lost, and is accessible;
• has not been revoked or suspended;
• has not been reported stolen or lost;
• has not expired, or is more then one year past expiry when you submit your application; and
• has not been requested to be returned by Passport Canada

Last Reviewed: August 2012

Maternity leave is an unpaid leave available to pregnant employees.

Maternity leave is different from parental leave. Biological fathers and adoptive parents are not entitled to maternity leave but they are entitled to parental leave.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

You are entitled to maternity leave without pay if you have worked for the same employer for at least 90 days before your leave starts.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

You are entitled to up to 16 weeks of maternity leave. You can start your maternity leave at any time within 13 weeks of the estimated delivery date. You must take at least 6 weeks of leave immediately following the delivery date. There is an exception if you provide your employer with a medical certificate from your doctor stating that your returning to work will not threaten your health.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

Yes. You must give your employer written notice at least 6 weeks before your leave starts. The notice must include the planned start date of your maternity leave. Your employer may also request a medical certificate certifying that you are pregnant and giving the estimated due date. Your doctor can provide this medical certificate.

If something happens and you are not able to give advance notice of your maternity leave, you are still entitled to take maternity leave if you provide your employer with a medical certificate within 2 weeks of you stopping work. The medical certificate must state that you are not able to work because of a medical condition arising from the pregnancy and the estimate or actual delivery date.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

If your pregnancy interferes with your job performance, then your employer can give you written notice to start maternity leave. However, your employer can only give you this notice in the 12 weeks before your estimated delivery date.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

If the pregnancy ends without a live birth within 16 weeks of the estimated due date, you can still take maternity leave. This means that if you suffer a miscarriage within the first 5 months of the pregnancy, you likely won’t be entitled to maternity leave.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

Parental leave is an unpaid leave that a parent can take following the birth of a child. Adoptive parents can also take parental leave following adoption.

There are certain rules around who can get parental leave and when:

• A pregnant employee is entitled to up to 62 consecutive weeks of parental leave. Parental leave starts after maternity leave. This means a pregnant employee can take a leave of up to 78 weeks (1.5 years) – 16 weeks of maternity leave and 62 weeks of parental leave. The pregnant employee must have worked for their employer for at least 90 days before the start of the leave.
• Any other parent can take parental leave of up to 62 consecutive weeks within 78 weeks after the child’s birth. The parent must have worked for their employer for at least 90 days before the start of the leave.
• Adoptive parents can take parental leave of up to 62 consecutive weeks within 78 weeks after the child is placed with the adoptive parents for the purpose of adoption. An adoptive parent must have worked for their employer for at least 90 days before the start of the leave.

You and the other parent are not each entitled to 62 weeks of parental leave. One parent can take the full amount or you can share it. You can also take less than the full amount (one person or shared). For example, the birth mother may choose to take 52 weeks of parental leave and the other parent may choose to take 10 weeks, at either the same time or later. If you and the other parent both work for the same employer, the employer can refuse to give you time off together.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

Yes. You must give written notice to your employer at least 6 weeks before starting the leave.

There is an exception where:

• the medical condition of the birth mother or child makes it impossible to give the required notice; OR
• the date of the child’s placement with the adoptive parent was not foreseeable.

If you fall under one of these exceptions, you must give your employer written notice as soon as possible. The notice must state when the leave will start or has started.

If you and the other parent want to share parental leave, you must include this in your notice.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

There is no legal requirement that your employer pay you during maternity leave or parental leave. Talk to your employer about their policy.

You may be eligible for Employment Insurance during your leave – maternity, parental or disability. See questions below or check with Service Canada for more information. If you have health benefits through work, you might also be eligible for illness benefits during your pregnancy. Check with your plan provider for more information.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

No. Your employer cannot terminate your employment or lay you off:

• if you have started maternity or parental leave; or
• because you are entitled to maternity or parental leave.

If your employer terminates you or lays you off for one of the above reasons, contact Alberta’s Employment Standards office. You may also have a human rights complaint for discrimination based on gender. Contact Alberta’s Human Rights Commission for more information.

There is an exception where the employer has suspended or stopped their business (in whole or in part). In this case, if the business resumes within 52 weeks after the end of your leave, your employer must reinstate you (with the same pay and benefits) of provide you with alternative work (based on your seniority at work). You do not lose seniority or other benefits because you took a leave. If the business does not resume, you are entitled to termination pay or notice.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

No. You do not accrue vacation time or other benefits while on maternity or paternity leave because you are not working. If you have a benefits plan, your employer may have obligations under human rights legislation to continue the plan. Contact the Alberta Human Rights Commission for more information.

NOTE: Even though you do not accrue vacation time, any time you are away on leave is included when calculating your years of employment to figure out how much vacation time you are entitled to.

Last Reviewed: November 2020

Yes. You must give your employer written notice at least 4 weeks before you intend to return to work after maternity leave or parental leave. The notice must state your planned return date. If you do not give notice of your return date, you are not entitled to resume work unless your failing to give notice was because of something unforeseeable or unpreventable.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

Your employer has two options when you return to work:

• reinstate you into the position you held before the leave started; OR
• provide you with alternative work that is comparable to your old job.

However, your employer must keep your pay and other benefits the same as before you left (unless you return part-time or under some other arrangement).

Last Reviewed: January 2020

You must give your employer written notice at least 4 weeks in advance. This means you can choose to terminate your employment at any time during your leave, but no later than 4 weeks before the end of your leave. However, terminating your employment early (earlier than 4 weeks before the end of your leave) may affect your Employment Insurance benefits.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

Maternity Benefits

These benefits are only available if you give birth to a child. You can receive up to 15 weeks of benefits. Benefits may be up to 55% of your earnings, to a maximum of $573 per week. You can get parental benefits after your maternity benefits expire. You can apply for both maternity and parental benefits at the same time.

You can start receiving maternity benefits as early as 12 weeks before your due date or the date you give birth. Maternity benefits are not paid longer than 17 weeks after your due date or the date you give birth (whichever is later). Remember though that you can only be paid maternity benefits for a maximum of 15 weeks.

Parental Benefits

There are two types of parental benefits that you can choose from:

• Standard parental benefits of up to 40 weeks split between two parents (but one parent cannot receive more than 35 weeks of standard benefits). Standard benefits are up to 55% of your earnings, to a maximum of $573 per week. These benefits must start within 52 weeks of the child’s birth or when the child is placed with you for the purpose of adoption.
• Extended parental benefits of up to 69 weeks split between two parents (but one parent cannot receive more than 61 weeks). Extended benefits are up to 33% of your earnings, to a maximum of $344 per week. These benefits must start within 78 weeks of the child’s birth or when the child is placed with you for the purpose of adoption.

FOR CHILDREN BORN OR ADOPTED AFTER MARCH 17, 2020: If you share parental benefits with another parent, you may be eligible for 5 extra weeks of standard parental benefits or 8 extra weeks of extended parental benefits.

For more information, see Canada’s Employment Insurance website.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

There is usually a two-week waiting period from when you apply to when benefits start getting paid. Apply as soon as possible after you stop working. If you wait to apply more than 4 weeks from your last day of work, you may lose benefits.

For more information, see Canada’s Employment Insurance website.

Last Reviewed: January 2020

See Canada’s Employment Insurance website for more information on how to apply.

Last Reviewed: January 2020